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Montage and time in visual allegory
Winter, Tomáš
This article is based on an interpretation of the painting Time and Eternity by John Haberle. Using texts by Walter Benjamin, Craig Owens, Susan Sontag, Peter Bürger and Benjamin Buchloh it refers to a specific nature of the relationship between allegory and time and the various modes of this form of expression.
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Social time and its representation in the performance-oriented society of the 19th century: liberalization - monetization - pluralization
Řezníková, Lenka
One of the symptoms of the transition from the premodern society of estates to a modern civil society, as realized during the 19th century (at least at the ideological level) was the highlighting of time and its transformation into a secular instrument of liberal ideology. The monetization of time, expressed in Benjamin Franklin’s famous formulation „time is money“ (translated into Czech in 1838) allowed time to be conceived as a factor in social ascent. In contrast to the estates privileges that quarantees social status on given a priori selective principles, time was given to everybody and its appropriate utilization could ensure social ascent even for individuals from the lowest social strata. Hence time becomes a key component in the new liberal biographical project of social ascent, not only in the biological sense, but also with regard to the structure of social behaviour. Numerous instructions are given (even in fiction) on how to utilize time properly and transform it into material profit. As time in increasingly highlighted, so the importance of time periods and deadlines grows and need also incerases for synchronization and correct timing, because each actor noe disposes of his own time, which is not always compatible with the time of others actors. This study attempts to show how the new secularized time was represented in the emerging performance-oriented society and what consequences were in store for the monetization of time beyond this optimistic liberal discourse within the modernist generation at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries.
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Controlled time: history of time clock
Hlavačka, Milan
The measurement of time and its practical applications within transport, school and factory structures are civilizational phenomena of primery importance. When we examine the origins of time control we come up against two different worlds: the traditional world of clocks, clockmakers and clock patents on the one hand and the modern world of bureaucracies and factories on the other hand, i. e. the organisation of work in closed space outside of home. Hence this entails an entirely new associations of time and space with social consequences, so the history of time clocks not only involves the history of technocracy, but also civilizational and social history, as well as the history of the elimitation of defects in civilisation, by which is primarily meant the elimination od unpunctuality in the working proces. Time clock came to be seen as the primary disciplinary device in any transatlantic company.
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The production of modernity and the time hiatus
Smyčka, Václav
The topic of this study is the emergence of the modern time regime during what is known as the Sattelzeit, i.e. the turn of the 18th and the 19th centuries in the Central European context. This transformation in temporality is even thematized historically at the theoretical level as a topos of cultural studies using several material examples summarized within three chronological profiles. While the first part of the study focuses on criticism of the various ways to describe this transformation in historical temporality, the second part is meant to demonstrate the specific application of the approach developed by Reinhard Koselleck, and in particular by Aleida Assmann and Niklas Luhmann. These describe the transformation of the time regime as an attempt by society to create its own temporal structures by narrowing down the present in order to facilitate the operationalization of experience and expectations. A clearer division of experience into lived and expected, old and new, facilitates the selection of memory and likewise the selective formation of future action scenarios. However, this imposition of a time hiatus upon an ever narrowing present may only produce modernity at the expense of the present being perceived as an unstable, ever-fugitive point, which paradoxically does not offer sufficient space for action. Hence the present in the modern time regime is only perceived as a rapidly passing transitional period and a crisis between a transparent past and a clearly illuminated future. Material cross-sections through Czech history, journalism, philosophy of history and literature from the 1790s, the Napoleonic Wars and the end of the pre-1848 period are presented by the study as three stages in this process of the temporalization of the modern time regime.
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„The Czechs will live, and live long, for the salvation of themselves and of Slavdom.” Prophecy in the culture of the Czech Enlightenment and Romanticism
Futtera, Ladislav
This article follows the development of the genre of prophecy on the Czech (in the provincial sense) scene from the mid-18th century to the mid-19th century with the stress on the modification of this traditional genre of spiritual literature within the context of the Enlightenment and Romanticism. After the middle of the century, the prophecy genre gradually emerged from its exclusively spiritual contexts and despite the dismissive attitude of some enlightenment adherents, it became an instrument for the education of subjects in the spirit of enlightened paternalism or Josephinism. Its development throughout the 19th century is then reflected in the emergence of provincial patriotism and its gradual suppression by ethnic nationalism. Both these discourses made use of the potential of prophecies referring to the Czech lands as a narrative that anchored the national community between the past, the present and the future. The greatest potential was offered by prophecy referring to Vyšehrad and Princess Libuše, who was portrayed from the end of the 18th century as a (semi-)mythical guarantor of the continuity of Czech statehood. The second key text is the Blaník prophecy, but when this became part of the Czech national discourse, its adherents underwent a transformation. The authority of the prophet, the Sibyll and the Blind Youth gradually give way to the authority of historical figures, Saint Václav and the Hussites, who were associated with prophecy, accompanying it with the constitutive Czech historical narrative.
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„Time does not stand still, my friend...”Narrated and experienced time in the fiction of Teréza Nováková
Jedličková, Alice ; Piorecká, Kateřina
The main topic in Teréza Nováková's prose work Děti čistého živého came to be the religious plurality of villages and solitary residences around Proseč. The author decided to follow the fortunes of a fairly large group of characters over several decades. Hence the literary critics described this work of fiction as a novel chronicle. The author was also induced to do this by her ethnographically erudite approach to descriptions of the environments and the usual activities of the characters speaking together in their authentic dialect. However, the author's intention was different, as testified by the initial outline of the work, the author's diary, the novel manuscript and personal correspondence. This is also confirmed by an analysis of the narrative structure: by developing a novel methodology based on objectivizing narration and bold time structure, Nováková succeeded in creating a novel on the individual forms of time lived under the burden of the irreversible, inexorable march of physical time.
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„Ah, the young gentleman has got up! Motifs of the drinking spree and time management discipline in the work of František Gellner”
Kořínková, Lucie
This article deals with the motifs of time management discipline and transgressions against it in the literary and artistic work of František Gellner. In works from his youth we very often come across the motifs of the drinking spree, sleeping off a drinking spree and ''immoral'' time management. This motif is associated here with the general need of the author to define himself in relation to middle class orderliness and its banality, while almost always raising questions regarding moral transgressions and the long-term unsustainability of rebellious youth attitudes. The study concludes by considering the changing face of this motif in the final period of Gellner's work, when he was working at Lidové noviny in Brno. This stage in Gellner's life not only provided him with a well-established middle-class existence in the form of regular employment for a newspaper editorial office, but also meant that this newspaper work of his often had a distinctly idyllic tone when dealing with the same middle-class orderliness and regularity.
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The temporality of the Romantics. Notes on the conception and figuration of time
Hrbata, Zdeněk
The intensive awareness or experience of time is one of the central topics of 19th century literature, particularly among authors considered Romantic. By way of several examples we focus on the poetry of these individuals (e.g. A. de Lamartine, V. Hugo and J. Vrchlický), whose work attempts to confront the irreversible course of time (the ancient, Virgilian subject: „fugit irreparabile tempus“, also dealt with by e.g. Petrarch and Pierre de Ronsard) by invoking and resurrecting the past, conserving and immortalizing the past, and with memories. For example, this penetrates the present of the subject and is involved in the creation of the continuum, when the passage of time, which in the Romantic conception of art is to be resisted by creation itself, does not necessarily entail disappearance and loss. In contrast to this we have Baudelaire's figures and the figure of time as the universal evil, the destructive enemy of the people provoking constant anxiety, the destroyer who cannot be eliminated, but who can, at least temporarily, be resisted by various forms of escape.
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Pochopit vteřinu. Prožívání času v české kultuře 19. století
Hrdina, Martin ; Piorecká, Kateřina ; Bendová, E.
Tématem plzeňského sympozia pro rok 2018 je čas – jeho význam pro člověka a společnost dlouhého 19. století. Modernizační procesy, jimiž se toto historické období vyznačuje, vedly k potlačení cyklického vnímání času ve prospěch linearity. Čas a jeho reflexe se z mysli filozofů a vědců přesunuly do každodenního života většiny lidí. Sympozium se těmto tématům věnovalo na základě otázek, které jsou v současnosti aktuální pro výzkum této problematiky z hlediska humanitních a sociálních věd.
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